ONE LEVEL DEEPER
EXC
Warren Buffett frameworkThe Owner-OperatorBenjamin Graham frameworkThe Value ArchitectMichael Mauboussin frameworkThe Expectations EngineerHoward Marks frameworkThe Cycle WhispererPeter Lynch frameworkThe Everyday Edge

Negative $1.19 DCF value versus $49.33 price means paying $50 for less than nothing.

cautiousBearishconviction

A regulated utility trading at 48.7x EV/EBITDA while generating negative free cash flow violates Graham's principle that price must offer protection against capital loss.

THE LENSES
THE MARGIN OF SAFETYdangerous

Does the price protect me from permanent loss of capital?

Reverse DCF value of negative $1.19 versus current price of $49.33
EV/EBITDA at 95th percentile of 48.7x for a regulated utility
P/E ratio of 18.5x despite 5.3% revenue growth and 0.89% ROIC

This framework sees no margin of safety whatsoever. The negative DCF value suggests current pricing requires growth assumptions that defy utility sector economics. At these multiples, even modest disappointment risks substantial capital loss.

EV / EBITDA
BALANCE SHEET FORTRESSfragile

Can this balance sheet survive a prolonged downturn?

Debt-to-equity ratio of 1.76x at 90th percentile
Net debt to EBITDA of 25.7x at 95th percentile
Interest coverage data unavailable but implied stress from leverage metrics
Free cash flow negative $2.3B TTM requiring external financing

The balance sheet shows extreme vulnerability. Leverage ratios at historic highs while cash generation turns deeply negative creates a precarious position that Graham would view as speculation, not investment.

Debt / Equity
THE EARNINGS RECORDdeteriorating

Does this company demonstrate consistent earnings over many years?

89.7% earnings beat rate over 39 quarters shows consistency
Operating income declined from $994M in Q3'16 to $644M in Q4'25
Net income grew from $239M to $655M over same period
Gross margin collapsed to negative 21.6% in Q4'25 from positive territory

While the beat rate suggests stability, the underlying profitability metrics show deterioration. Graham valued consistency of earnings power, which appears compromised despite headline EPS growth.

Operating Income
THE PRICE YOU PAYexcessive

What do I receive in earnings and assets per dollar of price?

P/E ratio of 18.5x at 63rd percentile historically
EV/EBITDA of 48.7x at 95th percentile
Earnings yield of 1.35% versus 4.33% treasury yield
ROIC of 0.89% versus 5.09% cost of capital

For each dollar paid, this framework sees minimal earnings power and value destruction through capital allocation. The multiples demand growth that regulated utilities rarely achieve.

P/E Ratio
KEY NUMBERS
VERDICT

Applying Graham's framework reveals a regulated utility priced like a growth stock while exhibiting financial distress signals. The negative DCF value, extreme leverage ratios, and negative free cash flow create a situation where price offers no protection against loss. This framework would classify EXC as speculation masquerading as investment. Does Mr. Market truly believe utility economics have been repealed?

This analysis applies Benjamin Graham's published investment framework to publicly available financial data. It is not authored by, endorsed by, or affiliated with Benjamin Graham. Educational purposes only. Not financial advice.

OTHER PERSPECTIVES
Peter Lynch framework
The Everyday Edge
Leaning Bearish
Warren Buffett framework
The Owner-Operator
Bearish
Howard Marks framework
The Cycle Whisperer
Bearish
Michael Mauboussin framework
The Expectations Engineer
Bearish
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